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</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxin, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">6-<i>O</i>-Methylerythromycin A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clarithromycin.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a692005.html">a692005</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br>category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B3</li>
</ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br>administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Macrolides" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolides">Macrolides</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="ATC_code_J01" title="ATC code J01">J01FA09</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA09">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li>
<li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a></li>
<li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_nationally_authorised_medicinal_products-2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_nationally_authorised_medicinal_products-2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div>
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Low binding</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">3–4 h</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(3<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>,7<i>R</i>,9<i>R</i>,11<i>S</i>,12<i>R</i>,13<i>S</i>,14<i>R</i>)-6-{[(2<i>S</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>) -4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy} -14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-{[(2<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>S</i>,6<i>S</i>)-5-hydroxy -4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-7 -methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl -1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione</div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=81103-11-9">81103-11-9</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/84029">84029</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01211">DB01211</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10342604.html">10342604</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/H1250JIK0A">H1250JIK0A</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00276">D00276</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1741">ChEMBL1741</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3022829">DTXSID3022829</a> </span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.119.644">100.119.644</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>38</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>69</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>13</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">747.964</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%5BC%40%40H%5D1%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29O1%29C%29O%5BC%40H%5D2C%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O2%29C%29O%29%28C%29OC%29C%29O%5BC%40H%5D3%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28C%5BC%40H%5D%28O3%29C%29N%28C%29C%29O%29%28C%29OC%29C%29C%29O%29%28C%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC[C@@H]1[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[C@@H](C[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]2C[C@@]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@H](O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)OC)C)C)O)(C)O</div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C38H69NO13/c1-15-26-38(10,45)31(42)21(4)28(40)19(2)17-37(9,47-14)33(52-35-29(41)25(39(11)12)16-20(3)48-35)22(5)30(23(6)34(44)50-26)51-27-18-36(8,46-13)32(43)24(7)49-27/h19-27,29-33,35,41-43,45H,15-18H2,1-14H3/t19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26-,27+,29-,30+,31-,32+,33-,35+,36-,37-,38-/m1/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:AGOYDEPGAOXOCK-KCBOHYOISA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">
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</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> (what is this?)</span><span class="nobold"> <span class="reflink nourlexpansion"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=457457495&page2=Clarithromycin">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Clarithromycin</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Biaxin</b> among others, is an <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> used to treat various <a href="Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> infections.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="Strep_throat" class="mw-redirect" title="Strep throat">strep throat</a>, <a href="Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, skin infections, <i><a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori</a></i> infection, and <a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarithromycin can be taken by mouth as a tablet or liquid or can be infused intravenously.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe <a href="Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liver problems have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may cause harm if taken during <a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the <a href="Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a> class and works by slowing down bacterial <a href="Protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein synthesis">protein synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarithromycin resistance is already a major challenge to healthcare systems and such resistance is spreading, leading to recommendations to test the susceptibility of pathogenic organisms to the antibiotic before commencing clarithromycin therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Clarithromycin was developed in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarithromycin is available as a generic medication.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made from <a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> and is chemically known as 6-O-methylerythromycin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirst-2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirst-2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin is primarily used to treat a number of bacterial infections including <a href="Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <i><a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i>, and as an alternative to <a href="Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> in <a href="Strep_throat" class="mw-redirect" title="Strep throat">strep throat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other uses include <a href="Cat_scratch_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat scratch disease">cat scratch disease</a> and other infections due to <a href="Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonella</a>, <a href="Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">cryptosporidiosis</a>, as a second line agent in <a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a> and <a href="Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be used to prevent <a href="Bacterial_endocarditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial endocarditis">bacterial endocarditis</a> in those who cannot take penicillin.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is effective against upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections and <a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">helicobacter pylori</a> infections associated with duodenal ulcers.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spectrum_of_bacterial_susceptibility">Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility</h4></div>
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<p>Aerobic Gram-positive bacteria
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i></li></ul>
<p>Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria
</p>
<ul><li>Haemophilus parainfluenzae </li>
<li><i><a href="Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></i></li></ul>
<p>Helicobacter
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></li></ul>
<p>Mycobacteria
</p><p><a href="Mycobacterium_avium_complex" title="Mycobacterium avium complex">Mycobacterium avium complex</a> consisting of:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Mycobacterium_avium_avium" title="Mycobacterium avium avium">Mycobacterium avium avium</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycobacterium_intracellulare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium intracellulare">Mycobacterium intracellulare</a></li></ul>
<p>Other bacteria
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="Chlamydia_pneumoniae" title="Chlamydia pneumoniae">Chlamydia pneumoniae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a></i></li></ul>
<p>Safety and effectiveness of clarithromycin in treating clinical infections due to the following bacteria have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials:<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Aerobic Gram-positive bacteria
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">Streptococcus agalactiae</a></li>
<li><a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus (Groups C, F, G)</a></li>
<li>Viridans group streptococci</li></ul>
<p>Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a></li>
<li><a href="Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a></li>
<li><a href="Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></li></ul>
<p>Anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></li>
<li>Peptococcus niger</li>
<li><a href="Cutibacterium_acnes" title="Cutibacterium acnes">Cutibacterium acnes</a></li></ul>
<p>Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria
</p>
<ul><li>Prevotella melaninogenica (formerly <a href="Bacteroides_melaninogenicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteroides melaninogenicus">Bacteroides melaninogenicus</a>)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idiopathic_hypersomnia">Idiopathic hypersomnia</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin has been researched as a potential treatment for <a href="Idiopathic_hypersomnia" title="Idiopathic hypersomnia">idiopathic hypersomnia</a> (IH) in adults, but the evidence is limited. A 2021 <a href="Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> study determined that the evidence is inadequate to definitively determine the efficacy of clarithromycin in the management of idiopathic hypersomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34031871_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34031871-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="American_Academy_of_Sleep_Medicine" title="American Academy of Sleep Medicine">American Academy of Sleep Medicine's</a> 2021 clinical practice guidelines conditionally suggested its use, especially for those who don't respond to other therapies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34743789_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34743789-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AASM_GAG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AASM_GAG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2></div>
<ul><li>Clarithromycin should not be taken by people who are allergic to other macrolides or inactive ingredients in the tablets, including microcrystalline cellulose, <a href="Sodium_croscarmellose" title="Sodium croscarmellose">sodium croscarmellose</a>, magnesium stearate, and <a href="Povidone" class="mw-redirect" title="Povidone">povidone</a></li>
<li>Clarithromycin should not be used by people with a history of <a href="Cholestatic_jaundice" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholestatic jaundice">cholestatic jaundice</a> and/or liver dysfunction associated with prior clarithromycin use.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Clarithromycin should not be used in the setting of <a href="Hypokalaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypokalaemia">hypokalaemia</a> (low blood potassium)</li>
<li>Use of clarithromycin with the following medications: <a href="Cisapride" title="Cisapride">cisapride</a>, <a href="Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>, <a href="Astemizole" title="Astemizole">astemizole</a>, <a href="Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">terfenadine</a>, <a href="Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">ticagrelor</a>, <a href="Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">ranolazine</a> or <a href="Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a> is not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>It should not be used with <a href="Colchicine" title="Colchicine">colchicine</a> in people with kidney or liver impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Concomitant use with cholesterol medications such as <a href="Lovastatin" title="Lovastatin">lovastatin</a> or <a href="Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">simvastatin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> to clarithromycin or any component of the product, erythromycin, or any <a href="Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a> antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="QT_prolongation" class="mw-redirect" title="QT prolongation">QT prolongation</a> or ventricular cardiac arrhythmias, including <a href="Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">torsade de pointes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2></div>
<p>The most common side effects are gastrointestinal: <a href="Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> (3%), <a href="Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> (3%), abdominal pain (3%), and <a href="Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> (6%). It also can cause headaches, <a href="Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, and abnormal <a href="Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a>. Allergic reactions include rashes and <a href="Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Less common side effects (<1%) include extreme irritability, hallucinations (auditory and visual), dizziness/motion sickness, and alteration in senses of smell and taste, including a metallic taste. Dry mouth, panic attacks, and nightmares have also been reported, albeit less frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac">Cardiac</h3></div>
<p>In February 2018, the US <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) issued a safety communication warning with respect to an increased risk for heart problems or death with the use of clarithromycin, and has recommended that alternative antibiotics be considered in those with heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Clarithromycin can lead to a prolonged <a href="QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a>. In patients with <a href="Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">long QT syndrome</a>, cardiac disease, or patients taking other QT-prolonging medications, this can increase risk for life-threatening <a href="Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi-2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi-2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In one trial, the use of short-term clarithromycin treatment was correlated with an increased incidence of deaths classified as sudden cardiac deaths in stable coronary heart disease patients not using statins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21447948_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21447948-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_and_kidney">Liver and kidney</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin has been known to cause <a href="Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>, <a href="Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, and kidney problems, including <a href="Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>. Some case reports suspect it of causing liver disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12503933_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12503933-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3></div>
<p>Common adverse effects of clarithromycin in the central nervous system include dizziness, headaches. Rarely, it can cause <a href="Ototoxicity" title="Ototoxicity">ototoxicity</a>, delirium and mania.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection">Infection</h3></div>
<p>A risk of <a href="Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">oral candidiasis</a> and <a href="Vaginal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal candidiasis">vaginal candidiasis</a>, due to the elimination of the <a href="Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast's</a> natural bacterial competitors by the antibiotic, has also been noted.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin should not be used in pregnant women except in situations where no alternative therapy is appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarithromycin can cause potential hazard to the fetus hence should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For lactating mothers it is not known whether clarithromycin is excreted in human milk.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2></div>
<p>Clarithromycin inhibits a liver enzyme, <a href="CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, involved in the metabolism of many other commonly prescribed drugs. Taking clarithromycin with other medications that are metabolized by CYP3A4 may lead to unexpected increases or decreases in <a href="CYP3A4#Ligands" title="CYP3A4">drug</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31628882_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31628882-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid37874128_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37874128-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A few of the common interactions are listed below.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colchicine">Colchicine</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin has been observed to have a dangerous interaction with <a href="Colchicine" title="Colchicine">colchicine</a> as the result of inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism and <a href="P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">P-glycoprotein</a> transport. Combining these two drugs may lead to fatal colchicine toxicity, particularly in people with <a href="Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statins">Statins</h3></div>
<p>Taking clarithromycin concurrently with certain <a href="Statins" class="mw-redirect" title="Statins">statins</a> (a class of drugs used to reduce blood serum <a href="Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels) increases the risk of side effects, such as muscle aches and muscle break down (<a href="Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23778904_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23778904-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcium_channel_blockers">Calcium channel blockers</h3></div>
<p>Concurrent therapy with <a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blocker</a> may increase risk of <a href="Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, <a href="Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, and death, compared to pairing calcium channel blockers with <a href="Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a>, a drug similar to clarithromycin but without CYP3A4 inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24346990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24346990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administration of clarithromycin in combination with verapamil have been observed to cause <a href="Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, <a href="Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">low heart rate</a>, and <a href="Lactic_acidosis" title="Lactic acidosis">lactic acidosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biaxin-filmtab_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaxin-filmtab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin may double the level of <a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a> in the body by reducing its clearance, which may lead to toxic symptoms of carbamazepine, such as <a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">double vision</a>, <a href="Ataxia" title="Ataxia">loss of voluntary body movement</a>, and nausea, as well as <a href="Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18033049_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18033049-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_medications">HIV medications</h3></div>
<p>Depending on the combination of medications, clarithromycin therapy could be contraindicated, require changing doses of some medications, or be acceptable without dose adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18094220_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18094220-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, clarithromycin may lead to decreased <a href="Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">zidovudine</a> concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9257746_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9257746-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin prevents <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> from multiplying by acting as a <a href="Protein_synthesis_inhibitor" title="Protein synthesis inhibitor">protein synthesis inhibitor</a>. It binds to 23S rRNA, a component of the 50S subunit of the bacterial <a href="Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>, thus inhibiting the <a href="Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a> of <a href="Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>.
</p><p>In addition to its antibiotic activity, clarithromycin has been found to act as a <a href="Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">negative allosteric modulator</a> of the <a href="GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to this action, it may have <a href="Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">wakefulness-promoting</a> effects in people with <a href="Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">hypersomnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3></div>
<p>Unlike erythromycin, clarithromycin is acid-stable, so can be taken orally without having to be protected from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed, and diffuses into most tissues and <a href="Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytes</a>. Due to the high concentration in phagocytes, clarithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active phagocytosis, large concentrations of clarithromycin are released; its concentration in the tissues can be over 10 times higher than in plasma. Highest concentrations are found in liver, lung tissue, and stool.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4></div>
<p>Clarithromycin has a fairly rapid <a href="First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a> in the liver. Its major metabolites include an inactive metabolite, N-desmethylclarithromycin, and an active metabolite, 14-(<i>R</i>)-hydroxyclarithromycin. Compared to clarithromycin, 14-(<i>R</i>)-hydroxyclarithromycin is less potent against mycobacterial tuberculosis and the <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex. Clarithromycin (20%-40%) and its active metabolite (10%-15%) are excreted in urine. Of all the drugs in its class, clarithromycin has the best <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> at 50%, which makes it amenable to oral administration.
Its elimination half-life is about 3 to 4 hours with 250 mg administered every 12 h, but increased to 5 to 7 h with 500 mg administered every 8 to 12 h. With any of these dosing regimens, the steady-state concentration of this metabolite is generally attained within 3 to 4 days.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1976065_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1976065-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Clarithromycin was invented by researchers at the Japanese drug company <a href="Taisho_Pharmaceutical" title="Taisho Pharmaceutical">Taisho Pharmaceutical</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood-2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product emerged through efforts to develop a version of the antibiotic <a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> that did not experience acid instability in the digestive tract, causing side effects, such as nausea and stomachache. Taisho filed for patent protection for the drug around 1980 and subsequently introduced a branded version of its drug, called Clarith, to the Japanese market in 1991. In 1985, Taisho partnered with the American company <a href="Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a> for the international rights, and Abbott also gained FDA approval for Biaxin in October 1991. The drug went <a href="Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic</a> in Europe in 2004 and in the US in mid-2005.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25165548_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25165548-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin is available as a generic medication.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, clarithromycin is available as immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and granules for oral suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin is available under several brand names in many different countries, including Biaxin, Crixan, Claritron, Clarihexal, Clacid, Claritt, Clacee, Clarac, Clariwin, Claripen, Clarem, Claridar, Cloff, Fromilid, Infex, Kalixocin, Karicin, Klaricid, Klaridex, Klacid, Klaram, Klabax, Klerimed, MegaKlar, Monoclar, Resclar, Rithmo, Truclar, Vikrol and Zeclar.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3></div>
<p>In the UK the drug product is manufactured in generic form by a number of manufacturers including Somex Pharma, Ranbaxy, Aptil and Sandoz.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypersomnolence">Hypersomnolence</h3></div>
<p>Clarithromycin has been studied in a <a href="Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> <a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a> in the treatment of <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a> <a href="Somnolence" title="Somnolence">hypersomnolence</a> (i.e., idiopathic hypersomnolence and <a href="Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a> without <a href="Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">cataplexy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no apparent improvement on an objective measure of <a href="Vigilance_(psychology)" title="Vigilance (psychology)">vigilance</a>, but subjective <a href="Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a> was reduced with the drug compared to <a href="Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought to work for this use as a <a href="GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">negative allosteric modulator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakahashiNoriakiMatsumura2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">
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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFWatanabe_Y,_Morimoto_S,_Omura_S1981"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4331803">US patent 4331803</a>, Watanabe Y, Morimoto S, Omura S, "Novel erythromycin compounds", issued 19 May 1981, assigned to Taisho Pharmaceutical</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4331803&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Novel+erythromycin+compounds&rft.inventor=Watanabe+Y%2C+Morimoto+S%2C+Omura+S&rft.assignee=Taisho+Pharmaceutical&rft.date=1981-05-19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Antibacterials_that_inhibit_protein_synthesis_(J01A,_J01B,_J01F,_J01G,_QJ01XQ)575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibacterials</a> that <a href="Protein_synthesis_inhibitor" title="Protein synthesis inhibitor">inhibit protein synthesis</a> (<a href="ATC_code_J01#J01A" title="ATC code J01">J01A</a>, <a href="ATC_code_J01#J01B" title="ATC code J01">J01B</a>, <a href="ATC_code_J01#J01F" title="ATC code J01">J01F</a>, <a href="ATC_code_J01#J01G" title="ATC code J01">J01G</a>, <a href="ATC_code_J01#QJ01XQ" title="ATC code J01">QJ01XQ</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="30S" class="mw-redirect" title="30S">30S</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">Aminoglycosides</a><br>(<a href="Bacterial_translation#Initiation" title="Bacterial translation">initiation</a> inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-mycin (<i><a href="Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">Streptomycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Dihydrostreptomycin" title="Dihydrostreptomycin">Dihydrostreptomycin</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a><sup>#</sup>
<ul><li><a href="Framycetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Framycetin">Framycetin</a></li>
<li><a href="Paromomycin" title="Paromomycin">Paromomycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Ribostamycin" title="Ribostamycin">Ribostamycin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Kanamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamycin">Kanamycin</a>
<ul><li><a href="Amikacin" title="Amikacin">Amikacin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Arbekacin" title="Arbekacin">Arbekacin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bekanamycin" title="Bekanamycin">Bekanamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Dibekacin" title="Dibekacin">Dibekacin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Tobramycin" title="Tobramycin">Tobramycin</a> (<a href="Loteprednol/tobramycin" title="Loteprednol/tobramycin">+loteprednol</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Spectinomycin" title="Spectinomycin">Spectinomycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Hygromycin_B" title="Hygromycin B">Hygromycin B</a></li>
<li><a href="Totomycin" title="Totomycin">Totomycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Apramycin" title="Apramycin">Apramycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Nourseothricin" title="Nourseothricin">Nourseothricin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-micin (<i><a href="Micromonospora" title="Micromonospora">Micromonospora</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">Gentamicin</a><sup>#</sup>
<ul><li><a href="Netilmicin" title="Netilmicin">Netilmicin</a></li>
<li><a href="Sisomicin" title="Sisomicin">Sisomicin</a></li>
<li><a href="Micronomicin" title="Micronomicin">Micronomicin</a></li>
<li><a href="Plazomicin" title="Plazomicin">Plazomicin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Isepamicin" title="Isepamicin">Isepamicin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Verdamicin" title="Verdamicin">Verdamicin</a></li>
<li><a href="Astromicin" title="Astromicin">Astromicin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Butirosin" title="Butirosin">Butirosin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tetracycline_antibiotics" title="Tetracycline antibiotics">Tetracycline antibiotics</a><br>(<a href="Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">tRNA</a> binding)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetracyclines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Chlortetracycline" title="Chlortetracycline">Chlortetracycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Clomocycline" title="Clomocycline">Clomocycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Demeclocycline" title="Demeclocycline">Demeclocycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Eravacycline" title="Eravacycline">Eravacycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Lymecycline" title="Lymecycline">Lymecycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Meclocycline" title="Meclocycline">Meclocycline</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="Metacycline" title="Metacycline">Metacycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Omadacycline" title="Omadacycline">Omadacycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Oxytetracycline" title="Oxytetracycline">Oxytetracycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Penimepicycline" title="Penimepicycline">Penimepicycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Rolitetracycline" title="Rolitetracycline">Rolitetracycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Sarecycline" title="Sarecycline">Sarecycline</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glycylcycline" title="Glycylcycline">Glycylcyclines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tigecycline" title="Tigecycline">Tigecycline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="50S" class="mw-redirect" title="50S">50S</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2-Oxazolidone" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Oxazolidone">Oxazolidinone</a><br>(<a href="Bacterial_translation#Initiation" title="Bacterial translation">initiation</a> inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Eperezolid" title="Eperezolid">Eperezolid</a></li>
<li><a href="Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Posizolid" title="Posizolid">Posizolid</a></li>
<li><a href="Radezolid" title="Radezolid">Radezolid</a></li>
<li><a href="Ranbezolid" title="Ranbezolid">Ranbezolid</a></li>
<li><a href="Sutezolid" title="Sutezolid">Sutezolid</a></li>
<li><a href="Tedizolid" title="Tedizolid">Tedizolid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Peptidyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptidyl transferase">Peptidyl transferase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amphenicols15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amphenicol" title="Amphenicol">Amphenicols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">Chloramphenicol</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Azidamfenicol" title="Azidamfenicol">Azidamfenicol</a></li>
<li><a href="Thiamphenicol" title="Thiamphenicol">Thiamphenicol</a></li>
<li><a href="Florfenicol" title="Florfenicol">Florfenicol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MLS (<a href="Bacterial_translation#Elongation" title="Bacterial translation">transpeptidation/translocation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">Azithromycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Boromycin" title="Boromycin">Boromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Carbomycin" title="Carbomycin">Carbomycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Carrimycin" title="Carrimycin">Carrimycin</a></li>
<li><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Dirithromycin" title="Dirithromycin">Dirithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Flurithromycin" title="Flurithromycin">Flurithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamithromycin" title="Gamithromycin">Gamithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Josamycin" title="Josamycin">Josamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Kitasamycin" title="Kitasamycin">Kitasamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Midecamycin" title="Midecamycin">Midecamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Miocamycin" title="Miocamycin">Miocamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Nafithromycin" title="Nafithromycin">Nafithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Oleandomycin" title="Oleandomycin">Oleandomycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Rokitamycin" title="Rokitamycin">Rokitamycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Solithromycin" title="Solithromycin">Solithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiramycin" title="Spiramycin">Spiramycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Telithromycin" title="Telithromycin">Telithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tildipirosin" title="Tildipirosin">Tildipirosin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tilmicosin" title="Tilmicosin">Tilmicosin</a></li>
<li><a href="Troleandomycin" title="Troleandomycin">Troleandomycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tulathromycin" title="Tulathromycin">Tulathromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tylosin" title="Tylosin">Tylosin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tylvalosin" title="Tylvalosin">Tylvalosin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ketolide" title="Ketolide">Ketolides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Telithromycin" title="Telithromycin">Telithromycin</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="Cethromycin" title="Cethromycin">Cethromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Solithromycin" title="Solithromycin">Solithromycin</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lincosamides" title="Lincosamides">Lincosamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">Clindamycin</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="Lincomycin" title="Lincomycin">Lincomycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pirlimycin" title="Pirlimycin">Pirlimycin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Streptogramin" title="Streptogramin">Streptogramins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Pristinamycin" title="Pristinamycin">Pristinamycin</a> (<a href="Pristinamycin_IA" title="Pristinamycin IA">IA</a>, <a href="Pristinamycin_IIA" title="Pristinamycin IIA">IIA</a>, <a href="Pristinamycin_IIB" title="Pristinamycin IIB">IIB</a>)</li>
<li><a href="NXL103" class="mw-redirect" title="NXL103">NXL103</a> (<a href="Flopristin" title="Flopristin">Flopristin</a>, <a href="Linopristin" title="Linopristin">Linopristin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Quinupristin/dalfopristin" title="Quinupristin/dalfopristin">Quinupristin/dalfopristin</a> (<a href="Dalfopristin" title="Dalfopristin">Dalfopristin</a>, <a href="Quinupristin" title="Quinupristin">Quinupristin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Streptogramin_A" title="Streptogramin A">Streptogramin A</a></li>
<li><a href="Streptogramin_B" title="Streptogramin B">Streptogramin B</a></li>
<li><a href="Virginiamycin" title="Virginiamycin">Virginiamycin</a> (<a href="Virginiamycin_S1" title="Virginiamycin S1">S1</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li>
<li><sup>‡</sup><a href="List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>
<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:
<ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>
<li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels424" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a> (<a href="Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide" title="Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide">+telmisartan and indapamide</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li>
<li>Cronidipine</li>
<li><a href="Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li>
<li>Dexniguldipine</li>
<li>Elgodipine</li>
<li>Elnadipine</li>
<li><a href="Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li>
<li>Flordipine</li>
<li>Furnidipine</li>
<li>Iganidipine</li>
<li><a href="Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li>
<li>Lemildipine</li>
<li><a href="Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li>
<li>Levniguldipine</li>
<li><a href="Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li>
<li>Mesudipine</li>
<li><a href="Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li>
<li>Olradipine</li>
<li><a href="Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li>
<li>Palonidipine</li>
<li><a href="Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li>
<li>Sagandipine</li>
<li>Sornidipine</li>
<li>Teludipine</li>
<li>Tiamdipine</li>
<li>Trombodipine</li>
<li>Vatanidipine; <i><a href="Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li>
<li><a href="Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li>
<li>Iprotiazem</li>
<li>Nictiazem</li>
<li>Siratiazem; <i><a href="Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li>
<li>Dagapamil</li>
<li><a href="Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li>
<li>Dexverapamil</li>
<li><a href="Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li>
<li>Etripamil</li>
<li><a href="Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li>
<li><a href="Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li>
<li>Levemopamil</li>
<li>Nexopamil</li>
<li><a href="Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li>
<li>Ronipamil</li>
<li><a href="Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li>
<li><a href="Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li>
<li>Brinazarone</li>
<li><a href="Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li>
<li><a href="Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li>
<li><a href="Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>
<li><a href="Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li>
<li>SR-33805</li>
<li><a href="Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li>
<li>ω-Conotoxin GVIA</li>
<li><a href="Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li>
<li>Huwentoxin XVI</li>
<li><a href="Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li>
<li>PD-173212</li>
<li><a href="Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li>
<li>Z160</li>
<li><a href="Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> ω-Agatoxin IVA</li>
<li>ω-Agatoxin IVB</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> ABT-639</li>
<li>ML-218</li>
<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>
<li>NNC 55-0396</li>
<li>ProTx I</li>
<li>Z944</li>
<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> ω-Agatoxin TK</li>
<li>ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</li>
<li><a href="Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li>
<li><a href="Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li>
<li><a href="Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li>
<li><a href="Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li>
<li><a href="Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li>
<li><a href="Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li>
<li>NP078585</li>
<li><a href="Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li>
<li><a href="TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Arbaclofen" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li>
<li><a href="Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>
<li><a href="Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li>
<li><a href="Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li>
<li>PD-200,347</li>
<li><a href="PD-217%2C014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li>
<li>PD-299,685</li>
<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
<li><a href="Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li>
<li><a href="Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li>
<li><a href="Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li>
<li><a href="Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li>
<li><a href="Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li>
<li><a href="Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li>
<li><a href="Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li>
<li><a href="Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li>
<li>Elpetrigine</li>
<li><a href="Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li>
<li><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li>
<li><a href="Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li>
<li><a href="Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li>
<li><a href="Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li>
<li><a href="Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li>
<li><a href="JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li>
<li><a href="Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li>
<li><a href="Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li>
<li><a href="Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li>
<li><a href="Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li>
<li><a href="Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li>
<li><a href="Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li>
<li><a href="Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li>
<li><a href="Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li>
<li><a href="Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li>
<li><a href="Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li>
<li><a href="Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li>
<li><a href="Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li>
<li><a href="Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li>
<li><a href="Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li>
<li>Sipatrigine</li>
<li><a href="Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li>
<li><a href="Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li>
<li><a href="Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="3%2C4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li>
<li><a href="4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li>
<li>Adekalant</li>
<li><a href="Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li>
<li><a href="Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li>
<li><a href="Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li>
<li><a href="Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li>
<li><a href="Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li>
<li><a href="Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li>
<li>Clamikalant</li>
<li><a href="Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li>
<li>Dalazatide</li>
<li><a href="Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li>
<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>
<li><a href="E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li>
<li><a href="Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li>
<li><a href="HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li>
<li>Inakalant</li>
<li><a href="Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li>
<li><a href="Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li>
<li>Notoxin</li>
<li><a href="Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li>
<li>Pinokalant</li>
<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>
<li>ShK-186</li>
<li><a href="Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li>
<li><a href="Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li>
<li>Terikalant</li>
<li><a href="Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li>
<li><a href="Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="HERG" class="mw-redirect" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li>
<li><a href="Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li>
<li><a href="AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li>
<li><a href="Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li>
<li><a href="Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li>
<li><a href="AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li>
<li><a href="Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li>
<li><a href="Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li>
<li><a href="BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li>
<li><a href="BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li>
<li><a href="BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li>
<li><a href="Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li>
<li><a href="Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li>
<li><a href="Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li>
<li><a href="E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li>
<li><a href="Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li>
<li><a href="Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li>
<li><a href="Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li>
<li><a href="Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li>
<li><a href="Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li>
<li><a href="PNU-282%2C987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li>
<li><a href="Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>
<li><a href="Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li>
<li><a href="Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li>
<li><a href="Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li>
<li><a href="Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li>
<li><a href="Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li>
<li><a href="Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li>
<li><a href="Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li>
<li>XE-991</li>
<li><a href="Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li>
<li><a href="Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li>
<li><a href="Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li>
<li><a href="Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li>
<li><a href="Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li>
<li><a href="Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li>
<li><a href="Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li>
<li><a href="Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li>
<li><a href="Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li>
<li><a href="Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li>
<li>Glycyclamide</li>
<li><a href="Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li>
<li><a href="Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li>
<li><a href="Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li>
<li><a href="Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li>
<li><a href="Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li>
<li><a href="Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li>
<li><a href="Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li>
<li><a href="Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> Aprikalim</li>
<li><a href="Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li>
<li><a href="Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li>
<li><a href="Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li>
<li>Emakalim</li>
<li><a href="Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li>
<li>Mazokalim</li>
<li><a href="Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li>
<li><a href="Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li>
<li><a href="Naminidil" title="Naminidil">Naminidil</a></li>
<li><a href="Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li>
<li><a href="Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li>
<li>Rilmakalim</li>
<li>Sarakalim</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> ML-297 (VU0456810)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
<li><a href="GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li>
<li><a href="Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li>
<li><a href="Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>
<li><a href="Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li>
<li><a href="Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li>
<li><a href="Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li>
<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>
<li><a href="Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li>
<li><a href="Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li>
<li><a href="Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li>
<li><a href="Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li>
<li><a href="Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li>
<li><a href="Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li>
<li><a href="Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li>
<li><a href="Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li>
<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>
<li><a href="Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> Acetylpheneturide</li>
<li><a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li>
<li>Elpetrigine</li>
<li><a href="Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li>
<li><a href="Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li>
<li><a href="Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li>
<li><a href="Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li>
<li>Sipatrigine</li>
<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>
<li><a href="Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li>
<li><a href="Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li>
<li><a href="Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li>
<li><a href="Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li>
<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li>
<li><a href="Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li>
<li><a href="Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>
<li><a href="Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li>
<li><a href="Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> AZD-3161</li>
<li><a href="DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li>
<li><a href="Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li>
<li>GDC-0276</li>
<li>NKTR-171</li>
<li>PF-04531083</li>
<li><a href="PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li>
<li><a href="Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li>
<li>RG7893 (GDC-0287)</li>
<li><a href="Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li>
<li><a href="Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li>
<li><a href="Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li>
<li>Atracotoxins (<a href="Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li>
<li><a href="Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li>
<li><a href="Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>
<li><a href="Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li>
<li><a href="Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Solnatide</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>A-317567</li>
<li><a href="Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>
<li><a href="Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li>
<li>PcTX1</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li>
<li><a href="DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>
<li><a href="Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li>
<li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li>
<li><a href="Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li>
<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>1,7-Phenanthroline</li>
<li><a href="1%2C10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li>
<li>4,7-Phenanthroline</li>
<li>7,8-Benzoquinoline</li>
<li><a href="Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li>
<li><a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>
<li>Talniflumate</li>
<li><a href="Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>See here instead.</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>See here instead.</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> Receptor/signaling modulators • Transient receptor potential channel modulators</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr> receptor</a> <a href="Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Ionotropic_GABA_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionotropic GABA receptors">Ionotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="Catechin" title="Catechin">(+)-Catechin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bamaluzole" title="Bamaluzole">Bamaluzole</a></li>
<li><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Beta-Alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Alanine">Beta-Alanine</a></li>
<li><a href="BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li>
<li>DAVA</li>
<li>Dihydromuscimol</li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li>
<li>Gabamide</li>
<li><a href="GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li>
<li><a href="Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
<li>iso-THAZ</li>
<li>iso-THIP</li>
<li><a href="Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li>
<li>Isomuscimol</li>
<li><a href="Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li>
<li>Kojic amine</li>
<li><a href="L-838%2C417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li>
<li><a href="Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li>
<li><a href="Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li>
<li><a href="Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li>
<li><a href="Nefiracetam" title="Nefiracetam">Nefiracetam</a></li>
<li><a href="Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Org_20599" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 20599">Org 20599</a></li>
<li><a href="PF-6372865" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6372865">PF-6372865</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
<li><a href="Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li>
<li><a href="4-PIOL" title="4-PIOL">4-PIOL</a></li>
<li>P4S</li>
<li><a href="Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li>
<li><a href="Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li>
<li><a href="Quisqualamine" title="Quisqualamine">Quisqualamine</a></li>
<li><a href="SL-75102" title="SL-75102">SL-75102</a></li>
<li><a href="Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li>
<li>TACA</li>
<li>TAMP</li>
<li><a href="Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li>
<li>ZAPA</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list):</i> α-EMTBL</li>
<li><a href="Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">drinking alcohol</a>, <a href="Tert-Amyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Amyl alcohol">2M2B</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li>
<li><a href="Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li>
<li><a href="Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li>
<li><a href="Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li>
<li><a href="Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li>
<li><a href="Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li>
<li><a href="Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">hispidulin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>
<li><a href="Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li>
<li><a href="Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a> (e.g., <a href="Etomidate" title="Etomidate">etomidate</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="Kavain" title="Kavain">kavain</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li>
<li><a href="Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li>
<li><a href="Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li>
<li><a href="Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, <a href="Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="THDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="THDOC">THDOC</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a></li>
<li><a href="Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li>
<li><a href="Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="%CE%92-carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carboline">β-carbolines</a> (e.g., <a href="Abecarnil" title="Abecarnil">abecarnil</a>), <a href="Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">cyclopyrrolones</a> (e.g., <a href="Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a>), <a href="Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">imidazopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>), <a href="Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">pyrazolopyrimidines</a> (e.g., <a href="Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">zaleplon</a>))</li>
<li><a href="Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li>
<li><a href="Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a> (e.g., <a href="Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a> (e.g., <a href="Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="Etazolate" title="Etazolate">etazolate</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a> (e.g., <a href="Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li>
<li><a href="ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li>
<li><a href="Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li>
<li>Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., <a href="Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>
<li><a href="Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatiles</a>/<a href="Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g., <a href="Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">paraldehyde</a>, <a href="Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>)</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li>
<li><a href="Coriamyrtin" title="Coriamyrtin">Coriamyrtin</a></li>
<li>Dihydrosecurinine</li>
<li><a href="Famiraprinium" title="Famiraprinium">Famiraprinium</a></li>
<li><a href="Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li>
<li><a href="Hydrastine" title="Hydrastine">Hydrastine</a></li>
<li>Hyenachin (mellitoxin)</li>
<li>PHP-501</li>
<li><a href="Pitrazepin" title="Pitrazepin">Pitrazepin</a></li>
<li><a href="Securinine" title="Securinine">Securinine</a></li>
<li><a href="Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li>
<li>SR-42641</li>
<li><a href="Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li>
<li><a href="Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> 1,3M1B</li>
<li>3M2B</li>
<li><a href="11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li>
<li><a href="17-Phenylandrostenol" title="17-Phenylandrostenol">17-Phenylandrostenol</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%913IA" title="Α3IA">α3IA</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%915IA" title="Α5IA">α5IA (LS-193,268)</a></li>
<li>β-CCB</li>
<li>β-CCE</li>
<li>β-CCM</li>
<li>β-CCP</li>
<li>β-EMGBL</li>
<li><a href="Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li>
<li><a href="Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>
<li><a href="Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%92-Lactam" title="Β-Lactam">β-Lactams</a> (e.g., <a href="Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillins</a>, <a href="Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>, <a href="Carbapenem" title="Carbapenem">carbapenems</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Basmisanil" title="Basmisanil">Basmisanil</a></li>
<li><a href="Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li>
<li><a href="Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> (<a href="TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a>, <a href="TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a>, <a href="IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a>)</li>
<li><a href="BIDN" title="BIDN">BIDN</a></li>
<li><a href="Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li>
<li><a href="Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>
<li><a href="5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">CHEB</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li>
<li><a href="Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li>
<li><a href="Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li>
<li><a href="Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li>
<li><a href="Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li>
<li><a href="Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li>
<li><a href="(%2B)-5-(1%2C3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(+)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(+)-DMBB</a></li>
<li><a href="DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li>
<li>DMPC</li>
<li><a href="EBOB" title="EBOB">EBOB</a></li>
<li>Etbicyphat</li>
<li><a href="FG-7142" title="FG-7142">FG-7142 (ZK-31906)</a></li>
<li>Fiproles (e.g., <a href="Fipronil" title="Fipronil">fipronil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">amentoflavone</a>, <a href="Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">oroxylin A</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li>
<li><a href="Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">Fluoroquinolones</a> (e.g., <a href="Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li>
<li><a href="Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li>
<li><a href="Golexanolone" title="Golexanolone">Golexanolone</a></li>
<li><a href="Iomazenil_(123I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iomazenil (123I)">Iomazenil (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li>
<li><a href="IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li>
<li><a href="Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)</a></li>
<li><a href="L-655%2C708" title="L-655,708">L-655,708</a></li>
<li><a href="Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li>
<li><a href="Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li>
<li>MaxiPost</li>
<li><a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li>
<li><a href="Morphine-3-glucuronide" title="Morphine-3-glucuronide">Morphine-3-glucuronide</a></li>
<li><a href="MRK-016" title="MRK-016">MRK-016</a></li>
<li><a href="Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li>
<li><a href="Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li>
<li><a href="Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li>
<li><a href="Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">Nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a>, <a href="Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>, <a href="Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, <a href="Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenylsilatrane" title="Phenylsilatrane">Phenylsilatrane</a></li>
<li><a href="Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (i.e., <a href="Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a> and <a href="Dihydropicrotoxinin" title="Dihydropicrotoxinin">dihydropicrotoxinin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li>
<li>Propybicyphat</li>
<li><a href="PWZ-029" title="PWZ-029">PWZ-029</a></li>
<li><a href="Radequinil" title="Radequinil">Radequinil</a></li>
<li><a href="Ro_15-4513" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro 15-4513">Ro 15-4513</a></li>
<li><a href="Ro_19-4603" title="Ro 19-4603">Ro 19-4603</a></li>
<li>RO4882224</li>
<li><a href="RO4938581" class="mw-redirect" title="RO4938581">RO4938581</a></li>
<li><a href="Sarmazenil" title="Sarmazenil">Sarmazenil</a></li>
<li>SCS</li>
<li><a href="Suritozole" title="Suritozole">Suritozole</a></li>
<li><a href="TB-21007" title="TB-21007">TB-21007</a></li>
<li>TBOB</li>
<li><a href="TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li>
<li>TCS-1105</li>
<li><a href="Terbequinil" title="Terbequinil">Terbequinil</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">TETS</a></li>
<li><a href="Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li>
<li><a href="U-93631" title="U-93631">U-93631</a></li>
<li><a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li>
<li><a href="ZK-93426" title="ZK-93426">ZK-93426</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A-rho_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>-ρ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li>
<li><a href="(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic_acid" title="(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid">CACA</a></li>
<li><a href="(%2B)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane_carboxylic_acid" title="(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid">CAMP</a></li>
<li>Homohypotaurine</li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li>
<li><a href="GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li>
<li><a href="Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li>
<li><a href="N4-Chloroacetylcytosine_arabinoside" title="N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside"><i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside</a></li>
<li><a href="Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li>
<li><a href="Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li>
<li>TACA</li>
<li>TAMP</li>
<li><a href="Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li>
<li><a href="Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li>
<li><a href="Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">ATHDOC</a></li>
<li><a href="Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> (S)-2-MeGABA</li>
<li>(S)-4-ACPBPA</li>
<li>(S)-4-ACPCA</li>
<li>2-MeTACA</li>
<li>3-APMPA</li>
<li>4-ACPAM</li>
<li>4-GBA</li>
<li><i>cis</i>-3-ACPBPA</li>
<li>CGP-36742 (SGS-742)</li>
<li>DAVA</li>
<li><a href="Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li>
<li>I4AA</li>
<li><a href="Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li>
<li>P4MPA</li>
<li>P4S</li>
<li><a href="SKF-97541" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-97541">SKF-97541</a></li>
<li>SR-95318</li>
<li>SR-95813</li>
<li><a href="(1%2C2%2C5%2C6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic_acid" title="(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid">TPMPA</a></li>
<li><i>trans</i>-3-ACPBPA</li>
<li>ZAPA</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li>
<li><a href="Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li>
<li><a href="Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li>
<li><a href="Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (<a href="Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li>
<li><a href="ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li>
<li><a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Metabotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabotropic">Metabotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="GABABTooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor429" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="1%2C4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li>
<li><a href="3-APPA" title="3-APPA">3-APPA</a></li>
<li><a href="4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li>
<li><a href="Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Arbaclofen" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li>
<li><a href="Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li>
<li>Gabamide</li>
<li><a href="GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%93-Hydroxybutaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Hydroxybutaldehyde">GHBAL</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid">GHV</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li>
<li><a href="Isovaline" title="Isovaline">Isovaline</a></li>
<li><a href="Lesogaberan" title="Lesogaberan">Lesogaberan</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
<li><a href="Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li>
<li><a href="Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li>
<li><a href="Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate</a></li>
<li><a href="SKF-97%2C541" title="SKF-97,541">SKF-97,541</a></li>
<li><a href="SL_75102" class="mw-redirect" title="SL 75102">SL 75102</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li>
<li><a href="Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="ADX-71441" title="ADX-71441">ADX-71441</a></li>
<li><a href="BHF-177" title="BHF-177">BHF-177</a></li>
<li><a href="BHFF" title="BHFF">BHFF</a></li>
<li><a href="BSPP_(drug)" title="BSPP (drug)">BSPP</a></li>
<li><a href="CGP-7930" title="CGP-7930">CGP-7930</a></li>
<li>CGP-13501</li>
<li><a href="GS-39783" title="GS-39783">GS-39783</a></li>
<li>rac-BHFF</li>
<li>KK-92A</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="2-Hydroxysaclofen" title="2-Hydroxysaclofen">2-Hydroxysaclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="CGP-35348" title="CGP-35348">CGP-35348</a></li>
<li>CGP-36742</li>
<li>CGP-46381</li>
<li>CGP-52432</li>
<li>CGP-54626</li>
<li>CGP-55845</li>
<li>CGP-64213</li>
<li>DAVA</li>
<li><a href="Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li>
<li><a href="Phaclofen" title="Phaclofen">Phaclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="Saclofen" title="Saclofen">Saclofen</a></li>
<li><a href="SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> Compound 14</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<dl><dt>See also</dt>
<dd><i>Receptor/signaling modulators </i></dd>
<dd><i>GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators </i></dd>
<dd><i>GABA metabolism/transport modulators </i></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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